Métodos de pesquisaje de las pérdidas auditivas a edades tempranas

Eleina Mijares Nodarse; María Cecilia Pérez Abalo; Guillermo Savio López

doi:10.51445/sja.auditio.vol3.2006.0034

Autores/as

Eleina Mijares Nodarse Departamento de Fonoaudiología. Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Cuba
María Cecilia Pérez Abalo Departamento de Fonoaudiología. Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Cuba
Guillermo Savio López Departamento de Fonoaudiología. Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Cuba

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51445/sja.auditio.vol3.2006.0034

Palabras clave:

pesquisaje auditivo, emisiones otoacústicas, potenciales evocados de tallo cerebral, potenciales evocados de estado estable

Resumen

Las pérdidas auditivas en la infancia afectan el desarrollo del lenguaje, así como el desarrollo emocional del niño y su adaptación al medio social y familiar. Estos efectos adversos pueden evitarse si el diagnóstico de las pérdidas auditivas y el inicio del tratamiento y de la rehabilitación comienzan antes de los 6 meses de edad. Para la detección temprana de los trastornos auditivos se han empleado diversos métodos tanto subjetivos (basados en respuestas conductuales a estímulos sonoros) como objetivos (que utilizan diversas respuestas fisiológicas). Actualmente los métodos más efectivos y confiables son las Emisiones Otoacústicas (EOA) y los Potenciales Evocados Auditivos de Tallo Cerebral (PEATC). Si bien se ha demostrado que estos métodos son confiables presentan aún algunas limitaciones susceptibles de ser perfeccionadas. Recientemente se han propuesto los Potenciales Evocados Auditivos de estado estable a Múltiples Frecuencias (PEAee a MF) como una nueva alternativa para la realización del pesquisaje temprano del déficit auditivo. En este artículo se analizan las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno de estos métodos, así como los resultados que se han obtenido al utilizarlos en el contexto de un protocolo de pesquisaje auditivo. Se llega a la conclusión de que los PEAee a MF tienen una eficiencia diagnóstica equivalente a la de los PEATC a clic, lo cual unido a su valor potencial en la identificación de trastornos a predominio de frecuencias medias y graves, sugiere que este método, una vez perfeccionado, pudiera resultar entonces una alternativa válida para los protocolos de pesquisaje auditivo.

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