La sinaptopatía coclear
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51445/sja.auditio.vol8.2024.103Palabras clave:
Hipoacusia oculta, Audiología, Nervio auditivo, Audiograma, Sinapsis, Potenciales evocados, Artículo de revisión, Modelos computacionales, FisiologíaResumen
El descubrimiento hace más de 10 años de la sinaptopatía coclear (SC), la pérdida permanente de las conexiones sinápticas entre las células ciliadas internas y las neuronas del nervio auditivo, implicó un cambio de paradigma en el entendimiento del daño producido en las estructuras celulares de la periferia del sistema auditivo debido a la sobreexposición sonora y el envejecimiento. Hasta la fecha, se entendía que el elemento más vulnerable eran las células ciliadas, y particularmente las células ciliadas externas. En el paradigma clásico, la estimación de los umbrales auditivos mediante la audiometría tonal liminar era (y todavía es) la base de la evaluación audiológica clínica. El descubrimiento de la SC urge al desarrollo de nuevos métodos diagnósticos más precisos para detectar daño auditivo oculto a la audiometría, y para el desarrollo de test más específicos a distintos tipos de daños celulares periféricos. En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica asociada a la SC en modelos animales no humanos, se expone la evidencia de la presencia de \gls{sc} en humanos a partir de los estudios en cadáveres, y se repasan los distintos estudios poco conclusivos en humanos vivos usando técnicas psicoacústicas y fisiológicas. Por último, se indican algunas de las investigaciones actualmente en marcha en algunas universidades europeas y las futuras perspectivas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de las pérdidas auditivas periféricas.
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AUDITIO | Spanish Journal of Audiology
